were collected thanks to grants ANR-2010-BLAN-1718, ANR-11-CEPS-003 and ANR-16-CE02-0001-01 and support from the Zone Atelier Hwange CNRS program of the CNRS. was also supported by the BearConnect project funded by the National Science Centre in Poland (2016/22/Z/NZ8/00121) through the BiodivERsA COFUND call for research proposals, with the national funders ANR/DLR-PT/UEFISCDI/NCN/RCN. were supported by the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development in Poland under the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009–2014 in the frame of project contract no. was supported by scholarships from Capes (number 1575316) and Fundect (process 23/200.715/2013). Data on European brown hare (Ch.F., F.J., J.S., N.B., W.U.) were collected within the DFG funded research training group ‘BioMove’ (RTG 2118–1). The study from LTSER ZA Pyrénées Garonne was funded in part by the ANR grant Mov-It (ANR-16-CE02-0010). Leakey Foundation, and the Committee on Research, University of California, Davis. was provided by the National Science Foundation (grant nos. was supported by Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, Safari Club International Foundation, Safari Club International Michigan Involvement Committee. Data collection at Zackenberg, NE Greenland, was supported by the 15 June Foundation. was funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Alberta Conservation Association. was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01LC1820A). was supported by a Radboud Excellence Initiative Fellowship. were financed by a grant from the Dutch research foundation (016.Vici.170.190).